Biological (Physical) Anthropology

for more information see BioAnth.org

Recommended titles
Stevenson, Joan C. (1991) Dictionary of Concepts in Physical Anthropology. Greenwood Publishing. Information at Amazon.com.

Cultural (Social) Anthropology: The study of the human behaviors which are learned, including among others the social, linguistic, technical and familial. Cultural anthropology has been called the study of humankind and our works.  It is sometime used interchangeably in North America for what in Europe is called social anthropology, reflecting the traditional European interest in social systems and the major North American interest in culture.

Recommended titles:
Winthrop, Robert H. (1991) Dictionary of Concepts in Cultural Anthropology. Greenwood Publishing. Information at Amazon.com.

Holism  is "a theory that the universe and especially living nature is correctly seen in terms of interacting wholes (as of living organisms) that are more than the mere sum of elementary particles."

Linguistics is the comparative study of the structure, nature, interrelationships, history and development of languages.

Physical (Biological) Anthropology [see biological anthropology]

Social (Cultural) Anthropology [see cultural anthropology]

Population

From Merriam-Webster
1 a : the whole number of people or inhabitants in a country or region b : the total of individuals occupying an area or making up a whole c : the total of particles at a particular energy level -- used especially of atoms in a laser
2 : the act or process of populating
3 a : a body of persons or individuals having a quality or characteristic in common b (1) : the organisms inhabiting a particular locality (2) : a group of interbreeding organisms that represents the level of organization at which speciation begins
4 : a group of individual persons, objects, or items from which samples are taken for statistical measurement